On the functions of the Japanese discourse particle yo in declaratives

This paper presents a novel analysis of two central uses – Davis’ (2011) “guide to action” and “correction” uses – of the Japanese discourse particle yo occurring in declarative clauses. Yo accompanied by the question-rise contour has a function to add the propositional content to the modal base for priority modality relativized to the hearer, thereby indicating that the propositional content is relevant to what the hearer should and may do. Yo accompanied by the non-rising (flat) contour has a function to indicate that the hearer should have recognized the propositional content beforehand. Four other functions of yo in declaratives will also be briefly discussed. It will further be pointed out yo accompanied by the rise-fall contour has similar functions as yo accompanied by the non-rising contour, but additionally expresses the speaker’s want for the hearer’s sympathy and/or understanding.